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It is generally recognized that any circuit which must operate with less than 1000 pA of leakage current requires special layout of the PC board. When one wishes to take advantage of the ultra-low bias current of the LMC6084, typically less than 10 fA, it is essential to have an excellent layout. Fortu- nately, the techniques of obtaining low leakages are quite simple. First, the user must not ignore the surface leakage of the PC board, even though it may sometimes appear accept- ably low, because under conditions of high humidity or dust or contamination, the surface leakage will be appreciable. To minimize the effect of any surface leakage, lay out a ring of foil completely surrounding the LMC6084's inputs and the terminals of capacitors, diodes, conductors, resistors, relay terminals, etc. connected to the op-amp's inputs, as in Fig- ure 4. To have a significant effect, guard rings should be placed on both the top and bottom of the PC board. This PC foil must then be connected to a voltage which is at the same voltage as the amplifier inputs, since no leakage current can flow between two points at the same potential. For example, a PC board trace-to-pad resistance of 1012 I , which is nor- mally considered a very large resistance, could leak 5 pA if the trace were a 5V bus adjacent to the pad of the input. This would cause a 100 times degradation from the LMC6084's actual performance. However, if a guard ring is held within 5 mV of the inputs, then even a resistance of 1011 I would cause only 0.05 pA of leakage current. See Figure 5 for typi- cal connections of guard rings for standard op-amp configurations.